By Stephen Gray, John Shiffman and Grant Smith

LONDON (Reuters) – factories based or owned by a few of Russia’s wealthiest males are supplying elements to vegetation that manufacture explosives utilized by Moscow’s army throughout the struggle in Ukraine, an evaluation of railway and monetary information reveals.

Reuters recognized 5 chemical firms, through which 5 Western-sanctioned billionaires maintain stakes, that supplied greater than 75% of the important thing chemical compounds shipped by rail to a few of Russia’s largest explosives factories from the beginning of the struggle till September this 12 months, in response to the railway information.

The billionaires embody Roman Abramovich, former proprietor of Chelsea Soccer Membership, and Vagit Alekperov, who was ranked by Forbes in April as Russia’s richest man with a fortune estimated at $28.6 billion. 

Abramovich and Alekperov didn’t reply to requests for remark despatched through their firms or legal professionals. London-listed Evraz, through which Ambramovich holds a 28% stake, mentioned it equipped the chemical compounds for “civilian use only”. Lukoil, a refiner through which Alekperov retains a shareholding, mentioned it “does not manufacture explosives or any related components”.

Anna Nagurney, a College of Massachusetts professor who intently research provide chain networks associated to the Ukraine-Russia struggle and reviewed Reuters’ findings, mentioned the 5 firms have been aiding Moscow not solely by offering important chemical elements for munitions but additionally by incomes much-needed exhausting forex from exports of civilian merchandise, together with fertilizers.

“These chemical companies may be operating as civilian ones, but they are sustaining the war effort,” Nagurney mentioned.

To find out from the place Russia’s predominant munitions factories obtained their provides, Reuters analysed the motion of greater than 600,000 rail shipments that carried the chemical compounds wanted to make explosives from the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 via September 2024.

The railway information from two industrial databases in Russia was equipped to Reuters by the Open Supply Centre, a British-based NGO dedicated to accumulating publicly-available intelligence and monitoring potential sanctions violations. It detailed the kind of cargo in each railway wagon, the load, origin and vacation spot, and the names of the corporate that despatched the products and the corporate that obtained them.

The info confirmed that the billionaires’ firms equipped very important elements to 5 explosive and gunpowder factories in Russia which are topic to Western sanctions. The vegetation are subsidiaries of the enormous Russian state arms producer and automaker Rostec. 

Utilizing leaked tax invoices masking elements of 2023, Reuters was additionally capable of confirm that 4 of the chemical compounds companies have been suppliers to 4 of the explosives producers.

Neither the Kremlin, the defence ministry, nor Rostec responded to Reuters’ questions on civilian firms’ position in supplying Russia’s munitions trade.

Earlier than the struggle, all of the explosives vegetation, as a part of efforts to diversify, additionally used to make explosives or gunpowder for civilian use. Reuters couldn’t decide whether or not such civilian gross sales proceed and whether or not the chemical compounds equipped is perhaps earmarked for civilian utilization.

Thomas Klapotke, a professor of energetics on the College of Munich, who helped Reuters analyse the info, mentioned that, whereas all of the uncooked supplies had many potential makes use of, the mixture of wagon-loads of particular chemical compounds wanted for explosives manufacturing arriving at specific vegetation supplied “red flags”. 

The evaluation offers contemporary proof that the West’s technique of imposing sanctions on Russia as punishment for its invasion of Ukraine has did not curb its army manufacturing, in response to a number of consultants interviewed by Reuters.

Whereas the billionaires themselves are all below Western sanctions, the chemical firms concerned have largely escaped main monetary penalties or bans on their import of important items from the USA or the European Union.

Many of the output of those chemical vegetation are civilian merchandise like fertilizer which are important to farming. Lengthy-standing Western insurance policies exempt meals from sanctions to stop famine and diplomatic blowback from creating nations.

Peter Harrell, a former senior White Home official who labored on Russia sanctions throughout the struggle’s first 12 months and is now a scholar on the Carnegie Endowment for Worldwide Peace, mentioned maybe it is time to evaluate these 2022 choices now that nations that when relied on Ukraine and Russia for wheat and fertilizer have had time to seek out different sources.

“Potentially, the calculus would weigh towards imposing sanctions on these companies today,” Harrell mentioned, commenting on Reuters’ findings.

Nonetheless, Manish N. Raizada, an agriculture professor on the College of Guelph in Canada, warned that imposing sanctions on Russian chemical firms might put a whole bunch of tens of millions of small-scale farmers in danger, in return for a minor financial affect on Russia.

Spokespersons for the U.S. Treasury Division, which coordinates Washington’s sanctions, and the United Nations Improvement Program declined to touch upon Reuters findings.

A European Fee spokesperson, in response to questions concerning the chemical compounds firms, mentioned: “We are actively exploring the possibilities for additional measures to step up pressure and close loopholes in a manner that would avoid negative implications for food security.”

The spokesperson burdened that any motion would solely come after cautious evaluation of the effectiveness of any measures and their affect on European firms. Nonetheless, he famous that EU sanctions would already apply to the businesses, even when they weren’t particularly designated, in the event that they have been managed or owned by a sanctioned particular person.

ARTILLERY WAR

The struggle in Ukraine has grow to be an artillery duel the place a scarcity of excessive explosives accessible to NATO and Ukraine has allowed Russian forces to realize swathes of territory this 12 months, in response to a number of Ukraine commanders interviewed by Reuters.

Moscow is investing closely in army manufacturing and searching for to replenish its munitions stockpiles. In 2024, Russia produced about 2.4 million artillery rounds and imported 3 million from North Korea, in response to a Ukraine safety official. The North Korean embassy in London did not return calls from Reuters searching for remark.

The 5 munitions vegetation equipped by the billionaires’ firms embody the large Sverdlov facility in Dzerzhinsk. The plant is the one vital maker in Russia of the plastic explosives HMX and RDX utilized in artillery and missiles, in response to a Ukrainian intelligence official.

Two factories run by Eurochem – based by Russian billionaire Andrey Melnichenko – provide chemical compounds to Sverdlov, in response to the railway information.

Eurochem is among the world’s largest producers of mineral fertilizers. Its Nevinnomysskiy Nitrogen plant in southwest Russia has despatched a minimum of 38,000 metric tons of acetic acid to Sverdlov throughout the Ukraine struggle, in response to a Reuters evaluation of the railway information.

A second Eurochem facility, Novomoskovskiy Nitrogen despatched practically 5,000 metric tons of nitric acid to Sverdlov in the identical interval, the railway information confirmed.

Each acetic acid and nitric acid are used to make HMX and RDX.

In line with Reuters calculations, based mostly on scientific literature and reviewed by an explosives professional, 5,000 tons of nitric acid might be used to make 3,000 tons of RDX, sufficient to fill 500,000 large-calibre artillery shells.

The tax invoices reviewed by Reuters confirmed that Eurochem was a provider to Sverdlov final 12 months. 

In response to detailed questions, Eurochem mentioned Reuters’ reporting contained “numerous material factual errors”. Particularly, “EuroChem is not part of the defence sector of the Russian economy and none of our products are designed for military purposes,” learn an announcement from the corporate, which is headquartered in Switzerland. Eurochem mentioned that any suggestion Melnichenko managed the corporate was false. 

Melnichenko didn’t reply to questions. The billionaire, mentioned by Forbes to be value $17.5 billion, positioned his controlling stake in Eurochem right into a belief that advantages his spouse, as Reuters has reported, after the imposition of sanctions on him by the EU and Nato following the invasion of Ukraine.

TAX DATA 

One other fertilizer big, Uralchem, based by sanctioned billionaire Dmitry Mazepin, supplied Sverdlov greater than 27,000 metric tons of ammonium nitrate, the railway information confirmed. Ammonium nitrate is used to make HMX and RDX, and can be blended with TNT to provide an explosive known as Amatol. Uralchem additionally equipped 6,000 metric tons of nitric acid from its nitrogen fertiliser plant in Berezniki to Sverdlov, the info confirmed.

Two different state-owned munitions vegetation, the Tambov Gunpowder Plant and Kazan Gunpowder Plant, obtained shipments of acids from Uralchem, the rail information confirmed.

The leaked Russian tax invoices, reviewed by Reuters, additionally revealed that Uralchem equipped the Sverdlov, Tambov and Kazan factories in addition to the state-owned Perm Powder plant final 12 months.

Requested intimately concerning the shipments, Uralchem mentioned the knowledge was “incorrect”. It didn’t present additional particulars or clarification.

A metal plant in Siberia owned by London-listed Evraz equipped 5,000 metric tons of toluene – an ingredient for TNT – to the Biysk Oleum Plant, in response to the rail information. Evraz was sanctioned in 2022 by the British authorities which mentioned it equipped metal to the Russian army.  

In an announcement, Evraz mentioned it solely equipped toluene for “civilian use only”. The Biysk Oleum plant, a unit of Sverdlov, did not reply to requests for remark.

In April 2024, the federal government of Altai area, which incorporates town of Biysk, listed the plant amongst producers that “significantly increased” their 2023 manufacturing in fulfilment of state defence procurement contracts.

Reuters recognized two different billionaire-linked firms supplying chemical compounds to munitions factories. The Sredneuralsk Smelting Plant (SUMZ) within the Ural mountains, based by metals magnate Iskander Makhmudov, offers oleum – often known as fuming sulphuric acid – used within the Tambov, Kazan, and Perm powder vegetation. 

The Lukoil refinery in Perm supplied 6,500 metric tons of toluene to the Perm powder plant, Kazan, and Biysk. Lukoil is part-owned by billionaire Alekperov, the corporate’s former president. Like others, he divested many shares in 2022 however retained an 8.55% stake.

The tax invoices reviewed by Reuters confirmed that the Lukoil plant was a provider to the Perm powder plant final 12 months. In addition they doc shipments from SUMZ to the Kazan and Perm vegetation.

In an announcement, Lukoil mentioned its Perm refinery “does not manufacture explosives or any related components” and that questions from Reuters about shipments from there contained “absurd speculations”. 

SUMZ didn’t reply to detailed questions. Its mother or father firm, UMMC, which is below sanctions by the US and Britain, didn’t reply to a request for remark. Makhmudov, who divested his controlling stake in 2022, in response to Forbes, additionally could not be reached for remark.

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