Should you preferred Michael Hudson’s introduction to Friedrich Schurtz’s ebook, the Origins of Cash, this can be a companion introduction dealing extra with know-how and urbanization than with cash. Giorgio Buccellati is the archeologist who found main Syrian cities. I discovered the essay beneath to be fascinating, because it gave a window into very early human social growth, particularly a few of the key parts within the evolution from dwelling in small teams off the land to settled communities, after which cities, and the way group of roles and actions progressed.
By Michael Hudson, a analysis professor of Economics at College of Missouri, Kansas Metropolis, and a analysis affiliate on the Levy Economics Institute of Bard Faculty. His newest ebook is The Future of Civilization
“Preface to the English Edition,” in Giorgio Buccellati, On the Origins of Politics: Formation and Development of the State in Syro-Mesopotamia (London and New York, Routledge, 2024):xvi-xxii.
On this quantity Giorgio Buccellati describes how Mesopotamia’s city revolution within the late fourth millennium BC formed a brand new mentality. The segmentation and specialization of business manufacturing required written record-keeping, standardization of weights and measures, surveying and allocation of land planning. This inherent logic of handicraft manufacturing and its associated group of commerce and market trade, particularly with the palace and temple establishments, led to new types of social interplay, the state and its legal guidelines and faith to consolidate the brand new managerial hierarchies.
I met Buccellati in 1994 on the first of what would turn into a decade-long collection of Harvard-based colloquia to compile an financial historical past of the Bronze Age Close to Jap origins of cash and curiosity, land tenure and its public obligations. Inasmuch as these improvements had been formed largely by relations with the temples and palaces, our group began by specializing in simply what it meant to be public or non-public.
It was pretty clear what “privatization” meant, however calling the palace or temples “public” was problematic. Royal value schedules for grain, silver and different key commodities utilized solely to transactions with these massive establishments, which had been corporately distinct from the remainder of the economic system the place costs had been free to fluctuate. Hammurabi’s legal guidelines targeted on the relations between the palatial sector and the family-based economic system on the land, which adopted its personal common-law custom for wergild-like private offenses and different authorized issues not involving the palace. How far past the palace did the state lengthen?
Buccellati’s paper targeted on a broader philosophical concept of “public” as referring to the general system of social and financial group: “The dichotomy between public and private is coterminous with the origin of the city.”[1] As he factors out within the current ebook: “The increased size of the settlements created a critical mass, whereby face-to-face association no longer was possible among each member of the social group.” The connection was political. “On the etymological level, the terms ‘urbanism’ and ‘politics’ are equivalent, given that they both derive from the word for ‘city’ in Latin and Greek respectively.” His time period “state-city” emphasizes the general political and administrative context. (pp. 69 and 131)
He views industrialization because the financial dimension of the city revolution that occurred within the late fourth millennium BC. The dimensions and social complexity of mining (or buying and selling for steel) and metallurgy, beer-making and weaving concerned more and more impersonal relationships as industrial group created merchandise past the flexibility of people to make by themselves. The evolution was from direct private contact to being a part of an extended specialised chain. (p. 63).
Describing this takeoff as the primary Axial Age, Buccellati explains how financial and social relations had been reworked over the 50,000-year evolution from small Paleolithic teams to city industrial manufacturing, commerce and property relations. The know-how and administration of manufacturing reworked the character of labor and what Buccellati calls para-perceptual thought. The ethical ideas of mutual assist, group solidarity, safety of the needy and primary rights to technique of self-support had been retained from pre-urban observe, however had been administered on the state degree. “The state was never able to eliminate or even ignore the people … political ideology became a way for the leadership to justify itself in front of the base,” bolstered by spiritual attitudes to popularize an “Ideology of Control … the ideology of command, of leadership not necessarily based on coercive means.” Even within the face of “ever-increasing gaps in prestige and economic ability,” the rhetoric of kingship promoted “a sense of solidarity that transcends the limit of reciprocal face-to-face recognition.” (pp. 14-15 and 37-38)
For the king, the purpose was to make “submission not just tolerable but actually desirable.” That enabled Mesopotamian rule to be private and certainly dynastic. “The king was not just the most powerful private individual; he embodied a distinct organism.” Kings had been described as serving heaven, as mirrored in Hammurapi’s stele depicting him presenting his legal guidelines to the god of justice, Shamash (or in some interpretations, receiving them from Shamash). “The private model was thus superimposed from scratch on the public one,” merging the state and faith as each new king pointed to his ancestors as if this meant continuity of the regulation. The precept of kings being hereditary was accepted “without ever being formulated in theoretical terms.” (pp. 61, 69, 82 and 248)
From Dwelling in a State of Nature to a Stratified Managerial Order
Buccellati describes manufacturing as evolving from interpersonal and small-scale to institutional and large-scale. Chart 1 (p. 35) describes how Paleolithic hunters and gatherers met their wants by utilizing what they present in nature. They napped flints to make spear factors and reducing instruments, and wove plant fibers to make clothes, baskets and different artifacts, however these supplies had been as they discovered them. And private wealth took the type of shells or different objects present in nature. However the rising complexity of business group reworked the character of producers in that they ceased to have face-to-face relations with the customers of the objects they made. Merchandise developed more and more past objects present in nature, and in addition past the flexibility of single people to make as they required chains of transformation through metallurgy and manufacturing.
Though Buccellati doesn’t give attention to land tenure, cash and credit score on this quantity, his analytic schema of the transition from “nature” to artifical institutional constructions suggests how land and credit score relations developed alongside related traces, from casual and spontaneous to formal and standardized. If there was an archaic relationship with the land, it was for an indigenous tribe to say territory as belonging to itself for searching and gathering and for ceremonial or spiritual features. Most trade was home, taking the type of reciprocal items, usually of the identical meals varieties merely as a method of binding teams collectively within the spirit of mutual assist. However artifacts had been traded amongst indigenous communities already within the Ice Age, from one tribal group to a different, typically handed alongside over lengthy distances.
Gathering locations for such trade existed already within the Ice Age, usually at river crossings or pure assembly factors. These would have been seasonal websites, with chieftains accountable holding the lunisolar calendar in order to time when to journey to such spots. If something, such gathering locations had been the other of the later metropolis that Buccellati describes. The concept was to keep away from anyone group from dominating others or limiting territorial management. The consequence was akin to the amphictyonic facilities of classical antiquity, impartial zones put aside from political cities and rivalries, with a cautious equality of members as a situation for amicable relations.
Deities usually had been timber, woods or pure rock formations reminiscent of survived in Germanic faith into the primary millennium of our period, and Japan’s Shinto faith. Lunar and photo voltaic deities had been a part of an astronomical cosmology reflecting the rhythms of nature. By the Bronze Age, gods took on a task as patrons of social authority and justice as urbanization reworked the pure atmosphere.
Know-how enabled the manufacturing of latest shapes and “artifacts that have no analogy in nature.” Mud bricks turned standardized to construct partitions. “Stone is no longer seen as an adaptation of pre-existing forms” however was formed to supply new constructing constructions. Hearth performed an necessary position in controlling the atmosphere, not solely to prepare dinner meals, however to bake mud bricks and harden ceramics, and to refine steel from ores and make alloys reminiscent of bronze to make instruments, weapons and different implements. (pp. 31-33) The potter’s wheel and spindles for weaving had been developed, and a managerial class got here into being as manufacturing such merchandise required more and more advanced group, from producers and merchants to armies (Determine 1, pp 35-36).
The Neolithic agricultural revolution noticed the standardization of land, allotted to group members in heaps enough to help their households, with proportional obligations hooked up, obliging their holders to serve within the military and supply seasonal corvée labor on communal constructing tasks. These obligations had been what outlined land tenure rights. (p. 23) That created a strict relationship with the rising city facilities that reworked “the village as it existed in prehistory … in the sense of autonomous villages that found an end in themselves. … Agricultural or manufactured production did not have as its end point the village, but rather and especially the urban markets.” Rural villages turned a part of the town, and native conflicts had been settled by touring city judges. (pp. 23-24 and 54-55)
Monetization of Change Between the Rural and City Facilities
Cash developed as a part of the valuation dimension of trade. Anthropologists learning surviving indigenous communities have discovered that artifacts sometimes are valued for his or her rarity or lineage of possession. In archaic instances such objects usually had been buried with their wearers, having turn into a part of their private identification. In time, they took a proto-monetary signification of esteem. However it was in southern Mesopotamia that cash turned formalized as a measure of valuation, concurrently for home agrarian and industrial trade – primarily of grain and wool – and for overseas commerce. In each instances the palace and temples performed a key position. A standardized measure of worth was wanted for the economic system’s personal industrial and institutional functioning, not merely for private ornament and standing.
International commerce was essential to acquire uncooked supplies not discovered within the area’s river-deposited soil. Copper and tin had been the important thing metals that had been wanted, the alloy of which gave its title to the Bronze Age (3500-1200 BC), however silver was adopted as the primary measure of worth for palace transactions and people of entrepreneurs, presumably due to its position in spiritual symbolism. It and different commodities had been obtained by a mercantile class of entrepreneurs, whose main clients had been the palace and temples, which additionally provided many of the textiles being exported.
The biggest classes of money owed and monetary obligations had been inter-sectoral, owed by residents on the land and mercantile entrepreneurs to the palace sector and its temples. The seasonal character of agriculture made credit score essential to bridge the hole between planting and harvesting, to be paid on the threshing flooring when the crop was in. Grain served as the primary home agrarian measure of worth and medium for paying agrarian money owed. The palace and temples built-in their financial accounts by setting the silver mina and shekel that denominated the worth of commodities obtained in overseas commerce (and consignments of what was exchanged for them) as equal to corresponding measures of grain, whereas dividing the related measures into 60ths to facilitate the allocation of meals and uncooked supplies on the idea of the 30-day administrative month utilized by the massive establishments. The ensuing financial system of account-keeping for credit score and monetary assortment was a part of a broader financial context by which standardized weights and measures had been used to quantify and calculate the varied magnitudes of the inputs required by the massive establishments for producing commodities of their workshops, together with the quantities of the fees, charges and rents payable to the establishments and monetary collectors.
The excess grain lease paid to the massive establishments supported dependent labor within the weaving and handicraft workshops. Commodities not had been made by particular person craft-persons recognized to the customers, however by many, whose identities had been institutional and therefore collective and impersonal so far as the consumers or customers had been involved. The work drive consisted largely of conflict widows and orphans, and in addition slaves captured from the mountains surrounding Mesopotamia. (A typical phrase for slave was “mountain girl.”) The tex tiles woven by this labor had been consigned to retailers to behave as intermediaries between the massive establishments or the rising class of personal property holders and overseas purchasers. Curiosity expenses (normally equal to the unique mortgage worth for consignments of 5 years) served as a method for consigners and backers to acquire their share of the acquire that retailers had been anticipated to make on their commerce.
Determine 2 (p. 60) charts the city revolution’s “evolutionary process in motion” to rework society and with it “the very nature of human existence.” (p. 9) The event of writing, as an illustration, had a deep impact in reworking thought processes, a lot because the creation of languages had served to “externalize thought.” It enabled the communication of concepts to others with out having to depend on reminiscence. Initially utilized by the eighth millennium BC to supervise and quantify commerce and trade transactions, it got here for use for accounting and credit score, and more and more to protect, organize and order ideas, public bulletins, treaties, poetry and legal guidelines. The written phrase turned a brand new medium for thought. Buccellati describes this “reification of thought” as a part of the “removal from nature.” (p. 19). That was a part of the evolving uniformity that unfold from the manufacturing of commodities to form the general social order.
Debt Strains Lead Rulers to Defend Their Economies from Polarizing
Business and entrepreneurial overseas commerce concentrated management and wealth within the arms of managers and “big men.” Their financial positive aspects brought about a rich class to emerge, initially inside the massive establishments, with credit score getting used to pry labor away from palace management. Creditor claims on indebted cultivators amassed, largely on the institutional degree of landholders, merchant-creditors, and in addition ale-women, whose clients ran up tabs for his or her beer, to be settled at “payday” on the threshing flooring when crops had been harvested.
It was inevitable that strains would develop because of the rising position of credit score and debt relations, particularly in instances of flooding or crop failure. As lease and different fee arrears and curiosity expenses mounted up, non-public lending (usually by royal or temple officers performing on their very own account) turned the foremost preliminary solution to acquire the labor of debtors, by requiring them to work off their money owed. That prevented cultivators from performing the stipulated corvée and navy service that they owed in trade for his or her land-tenure rights.
The consequence was a threefold battle: first, collectors towards debtors; second, collectors towards the palace over the appropriation of labor through debt bondage; and third, the assertion of creditor energy towards conventional communal ethical concepts of fairness and mutual assist. Archaic communities historically sought to attenuate financial inequality, perceiving a lot private wealth as being achieved by exploiting others, above all by indebting them. By the third millennium, indebted cultivators confronted the specter of being disenfranchised, shedding their private freedom and self-support land via foreclosures.
As Buccellati noticed in our 1994 colloquium (p. 142), royal safety of homesteaders by cancelling the overgrowth of non-public debt resulted “more from a concern for the public domain than as a phenomenon of privatization.” Rulers from the third millennium BC onward protected palace claims on the labor of their residents from being disrupted by debt strains of the sort to which subsequent Western civilization has succumbed. Sumerian rulers made positive that these strains wouldn’t be everlasting, as a result of that may have been on the expense of the palace’s personal necessities for corvée and navy service from agrarian debtors.
Buccellati pertinently notes that three important issues formed Close to Jap public legal guidelines: “the concept of rules, the sense of justice, [and] the decisive moments in resolving conflict.” (p. 58) Hammurapi’s “code” was merely a group of judgments, however his andurarum proclamations had been enforced by the courts to cancel private money owed (however not mercantile money owed), liberate bondservants (however not slaves), and redistribute self-support land (however not townhouses) that had been forfeited to collectors or bought below financial duress. These Clear Slates had been probably the most primary royal administrative acts of Mesopotamian rulers from Sumerian instances onward. They had been the ethical pillar of the state.
The Mesopotamian State Solved the Debt Drawback that Western Civilization Has Not
Buccellati sees the transformation of manufacturing, financial management and methods of perceiving and fascinated about one’s place in society as progressing towards a geopolitical peak with the Assyrian Empire. What enabled and made this sustained achievement so profitable had been royal legal guidelines to repeatedly restore financial stability on a system-wide degree. Clear Slate proclamations prevented a creditor oligarchy from rising to rival palace claims on the labor and crop surpluses of residents on the land. On this respect the excellence between monetary and industrial gain-seeking – and the socially damaging character of usury and creditor self-interest – was acknowledged already within the third millennium BC within the Hymn to Shamash, the Akkadian god of justice (traces 103-106):
What occurs to the mortgage shark who invests his sources on the (highest) rate of interest?He’ll lose his purse simply as he tries to get probably the most out of it.However he who invests in the long run will convert one measure of silver into three.>He pleases Shamash and can enrich his life.[2]
Buccellati rightly states that “We are the heirs of Mesopotamian perception and political experience.” (p. 256) Fashionable civilization nonetheless has retrogressed from the Bronze Age Mesopotamian achievement of avoiding deepening monetary and financial imbalance. He notes that fashionable society defines property as being alienable, however within the West securing property rights all the time has entailed the “right” to forfeit it to collectors or promote below duress – irreversibly. That has been the case ever since Close to Jap industrial and credit score practices had been dropped at the Aegean and Mediterranean lands within the first millennium BC. The West has adopted the fundamental financial practices invented within the fourth and third millennia BC, however not the economically protecting measures that rulers took to annul the buildup of creditor claims to reverse the rise in debt bondage and lack of land by debtors. That decontextualization is what in my opinion makes the West “Western.”
Bronze Age Close to Jap observe was so totally different from the Western worldview that the majority fashionable historians resist recognizing and appreciating the relevance of the area’s takeoff within the fourth and third millennia BC. Certainly, immediately’s anti-state financial ideology denies that cash and industrial enterprise might have been innovated by what Buccellati calls the state, that’s, the palatial authority.
This ideology obscures an amazing query posed for the West: How is it that Close to Jap “divine kingship” achieved what Western democracy has did not do: examine the emergence of a creditor rent-seeking oligarchy, which in classical antiquity would strip the Greek, Italian and different populations of their technique of self-support that had shaped the idea of financial liberty for the primary three thousand years of the Mesopotamian takeoff that this ebook so comprehensively describes.
[1] Giorgio Buccellati, “The Function of Socio-Political Elements within the Emergence of ‘Public’ and ‘Private’ Domains in Early Mesopotamia, in Michael Hudson and Baruch Levine, eds., Privatization within the Historical Close to East and Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass: Peabody Museum [Harvard], 1996):131.
[2] In Giorgio Buccellati, “When on High the Heavens …”: Mesopotamian Faith and Spirituality with Reference to the Biblical World(London, 2024):194, citing Erica Reiner, Your Thwarts in Items, Your Mooring Rope Lower: Poetry from Babylonia and Assyria (Ann Arbor, 1985):68-84, and W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Knowledge Literature (Oxford, 1960):122-138.
Enterprise
ADVERTISEMENT
Informasi mengenai king slot
king selot
king slot
king slot
kingselot
pg king slot
rungkad88
sabet88slot
sakti888
santai88
santika88
sebat777
sebat88
sensasi77
serba88
shangrila88
sheraton88
shopee88
sibukslot88
sido888
sinar88slot
sinartogel88
singa88
sis88
slotplay88
solitaire88
sontogel88
sparta888
speaker88
suara88
sukaslot888
sultan777
sumo7777
supermoney888
surga888
surgaplay88
surya888
suzuki88
tahta88
tahtatoto
target888
taruhan777
tato88
tebar88
teknis88
teluk88
teluk88
texas888
kilau88
tiket88
tiktok888
togelsumo88
totosaja88
trading88
tradingview88
tripadvisor88
uang88
ubud88
ultra77
usdt88
userslot88
uyatoto
vegasslot88
vertu777
voxy888
warung22
wasiat88
whatsapp88
winrate999
wks88
wordpress88
wuzz888
xuxu88
yoktogel88
zara88
adu88
agoda88
andara999
asiahoki777
asiahoki88
atlas777
atlas88
autospin888
axl77
axl777
ayo777
bakwanbet88
balak666
bangkit88
batu88
bayar777
bayar777
bayar88
berita88
bobo88
box77
bromo777
ceria88
cipit888
dewahoki88
dewanaga
dewanaga88
dewaslot77
dewi228
dewihoki88
dosen88
elanggame88
rungkad88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rungkad88.biz/
sabet88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sabet88slot.com/
sakti888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sakti888.biz/
santai88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://santai88.org/
santika88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://santika88.org/
sebat777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sebat777.data/
sebat88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sebat88.data/
sensasi77 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sensasi77.biz/
serba88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://serba88.biz/
shangrila88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://shangrila88.com/
sheraton88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sheraton88.com/
shopee88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://shopee88.biz/
sibukslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sibukslot88.com/
sido888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sido888.com/
sinar88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sinar88slot.data/
sinartogel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sinartogel88.biz/
singa88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://singa88.biz/
sis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sis88.biz/
slotplay88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://slotplay88.biz/
solitaire88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://solitaire88.internet/
sontogel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sontogel88.com/
sparta888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sparta888.co/
speaker88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://speaker88.internet/
suara88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://suara88.biz/
sukaslot888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sukaslot888.data/
sultan777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sultan777.asia/
sumo7777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sumo7777.com/
supermoney888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://supermoney888.biz/
surga888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://surga888.biz/
surgaplay88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://surgaplay88.biz/
surya888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://surya888.biz/
suzuki88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://suzuki88.biz/
tahta88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tahta88.biz/
tahtatoto permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tahtatoto.biz/
target888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://target888.biz/
taruhan777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://taruhan777.biz/
tato88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tato88.org/
tebar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tebar88.asia/
teknis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://teknis88.com/
teluk88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://teluk88.biz/
teluk88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://teluk88.data/
texas888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://texas888.asia/
kilau88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://texas888slot.org/
tiket88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tiket88.asia/
tiktok888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tiktok888.data/
togelsumo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://togelsumo88.com/
totosaja88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://totosaja88.com/
trading88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://trading88.org/
tradingview88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tradingview88.com/
tripadvisor88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tripadvisor88.com/
uang88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://uang88.asia/
ubud88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ubud88.asia/
ultra77 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ultra77.biz/
usdt88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://usdt88.internet/
userslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://userslot88.biz/
uyatoto permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://uyatoto.com/
vegasslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://vegasslot88.asia/
vertu777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://vertu777.org/
voxy888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://voxy888.biz/
warung22 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://warung22.com/
wasiat88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wasiat88.biz/
whatsapp88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://whatsapp88.internet/
winrate999 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://winrate999.biz/
wks88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wks88.org/
wordpress88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wordpress88.internet/
wuzz888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wuzz888.com/
xuxu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://xuxu88.org/
yoktogel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://yoktogel88.slot.com/
zara88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://zara88.slot.internet/
adu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://adu88.asia/
agoda88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://agoda88.asia/
andara999 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://andara999.org/
asiahoki777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://asiahoki777.asia/
asiahoki88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://asiahoki88.org/
atlas777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://atlas777.asia/
atlas88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://atlas88.asia/
autospin888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://autospin888.asia/
axl77 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://axl77.asia/
axl777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://axl777.org/
ayo777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ayo777.reside/
bakwanbet88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bakwanbet88.com/
balak666 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://balak666.data/
bangkit88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bangkit88.biz/
batu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://batu88.biz/
bayar777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bayar777.asia/
bayar777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bayar777.reside/
bayar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bayar88.asia/
berita88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://berita88.biz/
bobo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bobo88.asia/
box77 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://box77.asia/
bromo777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bromo777.reside/
ceria88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ceria88.biz/
cipit888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cipit888.asia/
dewahoki88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewahoki88.asia/
dewanaga permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewanaga.professional/
dewanaga88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewanaga88.reside/
dewaslot77 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewaslot77.asia/
dewi228 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewi228.data/
dewihoki88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewihoki88.asia/
dosen88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dosen88.org/
elanggame88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://elanggame88.org/
slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.professional
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.internet
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
situs slot terbaru
slot terbaru