Vladimir Putin’s experimental “Oreshnik” missile fired towards Ukraine final month was made by Russian firms that also depend on superior western manufacturing tools, in accordance to FT evaluation.
Two high Russian weapons engineering institutes, named as builders of the Oreshnik missile by Ukrainian intelligence, have each been promoting for staff conversant in metalworking programs made by German and Japanese firms.
The job posts for the Moscow Institute for Thermal Expertise and Sozvezdie, which have been tracked by the Monetary Occasions, illustrate how the Kremlin’s struggle machine stays critically depending on overseas expertise coated by western sanctions.
The reliance is especially pronounced within the subject of pc numerical management (CNC), a expertise very important to the Oreshnik’s manufacturing that enables factories to quickly form supplies at excessive precision through the use of computer systems to manage the instruments.
Putin forged the usage of the ground-launched missile, which analysts stated was based mostly on the RS-26 Rubezh, a nuclear-capable ballistic missile that has been examined however not deployed, as a response to Ukraine’s allies allowing the usage of superior western weaponry towards targets inside Russia.
“We have a stock of such products, a stock of such systems ready for use,” Putin warned after the strike towards a manufacturing unit in Dnipro, which was previously the Soviet Union’s top-secret rocket-building facility.
MITT, one of many firms Ukrainian intelligence stated was concerned within the Oreshnik, is the main establishment for the event of Russian solid-fuel ballistic missiles. In commercials posted in 2024, the corporate notes “we adhere to the FANUC, SIEMENS, HAIDENHEIN systems”.
Fanuc is Japanese, whereas the opposite two are German. All three firms make management programs for high-precision CNC machines.
The identical three western firms are named in commercials posted by Sozvezdie, which has listed one among its specialisms as “automated control systems and communication systems” for navy use. Their posting requests “knowledge of CNC systems — Fanuc, Siemens, Haidenhain [sic]”.
A video posted earlier this yr by Titan Barrikady, a 3rd defence firm concerned within the manufacturing of the Oreshnik, additionally exhibits a employee standing in entrance of a management system which bears the branding of Fanuc.
Russia has lengthy relied on foreign-made machine instruments, regardless of efforts to construct home options. Whereas the Kremlin has been sourcing massive volumes of high-precision metalworking equipment from China, the controls to function them proceed to be sourced within the west.
In 2024, at a serious Russian commerce honest, eight Chinese language firms introduced 12 fashions of CNC gadgets. In accordance with evaluation by the Financial Safety Council of Ukraine, 11 of the fashions have been fitted with controllers made by Japanese or German firms.
Denys Hutyk, govt director on the ESCU, stated: “The development of the Oreshnik shows how reliant the Russian military-industrial complex still is on high-end western equipment. Western governments should be pushing to stem the flow of these goods, which we saw last month in Dnipro directly contribute to the Russian assault on Ukrainian life.”
Job adverts even present that Stan, the corporate main Russia’s makes an attempt to construct a home CNC manufacturing business, is utilizing Heidenhain tools.
Stopping the move of CNC controllers and equipment to Russia has been a precedence for Kyiv’s allies. CNC gadgets and elements are on the so-called “common high-priority goods list” of things which they notably want to deny to Moscow.
Nick Pinkston, the chief govt of Volition, an industrial elements firm, and an professional in automated tooling, stated: “If you could restrict access to these western CNC control units, you might be able to slow down Russian production.”
“Some of these high-end control systems let you cut faster while maintaining accuracy. And if you had to switch to a new control system, you’d have to reconfigure the machine’s physical hardware and tooling, as well as fully reprogram every part, which would cost time and money, and could reduce part quality as well.”
A video posted earlier this yr by Titan Barrikady, a 3rd defence firm concerned within the manufacturing of the Oreshnik, additionally exhibits a employee standing in entrance of a management system which bears the branding of Fanuc © Titan Barrikady promotional video
Whereas export controls have slowed the move of those items into Russia, FT evaluation of Russian filings suggests no less than $3mn of shipments, which embody Heidenhain elements, has flowed into Russia because the begin of 2024. A few of their consumers are deeply enmeshed in navy manufacturing.
One of many shipments was listed as being for a system that included a brand new Heidenhain TNC640 management unit, listed as produced in 2023. In accordance with Heidenhain’s web site, the TNC640 “defines the high-end spectrum of control technology within its field” and “enables combined milling, turning, and grinding operations”.
Priced at $345,000, the unit was shipped through China to the Baltic Industrial Firm, a Russian firm which have been sanctioned by the US and has a historical past of supplying CNC equipment to the defence business.
Diana Kaledina, the top of the Baltic Industrial Firm, was arrested on the time of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine over accusations of fraud in a navy contract. She stood accused of getting imported CNC machines from China after which passing them off as Russian-made so they might qualify for funding.
The case towards Kaledina was dropped in late 2022 after an ombudsman dominated that her prosecution “could cause unjustified damage to the Russian machine tool industry”, which was “critically important for the economy”.
Heidenhain and Baltic didn’t reply to requests for remark.
Siemens stated that they “do not compromise on [sanctions] compliance” and examine “any indications of circumvention . . . and involve the necessary and relevant authorities”.
Fanuc acknowledged that the machine photographed at Titan Barrikady seemed to be theirs, however famous it gave the impression to be outdated.
They stated they’ve “enhanced vigilance and controls within our export control processes to prevent potential diversion of technology or equipment to Russian entities”.
Missile illustration by Cleve Jones
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